《迷信》（20250214出书）一周论文导读

编译|李言Science, 14 FEB 2025, VOL 387, ISSUE 6735《迷信》2025年2月14日，第387卷，6735期?医学MedicineThalamic opioids from POMC satiety neurons switch on sugar appetitePOMC神经元的丘脑阿片类物资调控嗜甜程度▲ 作者：MARIELLE MINèRE, HANNAH WILHELMS et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp1510▲择要：即便在餐后吃饱的情形下，人们也很轻易摄入高糖食品。只管对厚味食品的嘉奖驱动会激起适度进食，但在饱腹状况下对甜食有偏好的神经生物学机制仍不明白。下丘脑前阿片黑皮质素（POMC）神经元是饱腹感的重要调理者，由于它们经由过程高兴性黑皮质素神经肽增加食品摄入。咱们发明POMC神经元不只在进食前提下增进饱腹感，同时开启了对甜食的食欲，招致适度进食。POMC神经元向室旁丘脑的投射经由过程μ-阿片受体旌旗灯号抉择性地克制了突触后神经元。这一阿片回路在甜食的摄入进程中被激烈激活，在饱腹状况下尤为明显。响应地，克制其运动增加了饱腹小鼠对高糖饮食的摄入。▲ Abstract：High sugar–containing foods are readily consumed, even after meals and beyond fullness sensation (e.g., as desserts). Although reward-driven processing of palatable foods can promote overeating, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the selective appetite for sugar in states of satiety remain unclear. Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are principal regulators of satiety because they decrease food intake through excitatory melanocortin neuropeptides. We discovered that POMC neurons not only promote satiety in fed conditions but concomitantly switch on sugar appetite, which drives overconsumption. POMC neuron projections to the paraventricular thalamus selectively inhibited postsynaptic neurons through mu-opioid receptor signaling. This opioid circuit was strongly activated during sugar consumption, which was most notable in satiety states. Correspondingly, inhibiting its activity diminished high-sugar diet intake in sated mice.资料迷信Materials ScienceUltrastable supported oxygen evolution electrocatalyst formed by ripening-induced embedding熟化引诱嵌入构成的超稳固析氧反映电催化剂▲ 作者：WENJUAN SHI, TONGHAO SHEN et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr3149▲择要：在此，咱们提出一种能将铱催化剂牢固地嵌入氧化铈载体中的成熟引诱嵌入战略。高温电子断层扫描跟全原子能源学蒙特卡罗模仿提醒了经由过程超音调节载体成长速度与铱成核速度的同步对胜利分解至关主要。应用这种催化剂的质子交流膜水电解池（PEMWE）在每平方厘米3安培的电流密度下实现了1.72伏的电池电压，而铱的负载量仅为每平方厘米0.3毫克，经由6000小时的减速老化测试，其电压退化率为每小时1.33微伏。▲ Abstract：Here we present a ripening-induced embedding strategy that securely embeds the Ir catalyst in a cerium oxide support. Cryogenic electron tomography and all-atom kinetic Monte Carlo simulations reveal that synchronizing the growth rate of the support with the nucleation rate of Ir, regulated by sonication, is pivotal for successful synthesis. A PEMWE using this catalyst achieves a cell voltage of 1.72 volts at a current density of 3 amperes per square centimeter with an Ir loading of just 0.3 milligrams per square centimeter and a voltage degradation rate of 1.33 microvolts per hour, as demonstrated by a 6000-hour accelerated aging test.化学ChemistryThermal catalytic reforming for hydrogen production with zero CO2 emission二氧化碳零排放的热催化重整制氢技巧▲ 作者：MI PENG, YUZHEN GE et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt0682▲择要：碳中性氢气出产对将来化学产业至关主要。咱们展现了一种新的热催化道路，用于将乙醇局部重整为氢气跟乙酸，且多少乎不发生二氧化碳排放。这一反映经由过程一种催化剂实现。该催化剂含有高密度的原子级Pt1跟Ir1物种，负载在反映性α-碳化钼基底上，在270°C下实现了每小时每克催化剂331.3毫摩尔氢气的产率跟84.5%的乙酸抉择性，因而与尺度重整比拟愈加节能。对乙醇局部重整的技巧经济剖析展现了在产业范围上潜伏的红利才能，为出产氢气跟乙酸供给了年夜幅增加二氧化碳排放的机遇。▲ Abstract：Carbon-neutral hydrogen production is of key importance for the chemical industry of the future. We demonstrate a new thermal catalytic route for the partial reforming of ethanol into hydrogen and acetic acid with near-zero carbon dioxide emissions. This reaction is enabled by a catalyst containing a high density of atomic Pt1 and Ir1 species supported on a reactive alpha-molybdenum carbide substrate, achieving a hydrogen production rate of 331.3 millimoles of hydrogen per gram catalyst per hour and an acetic acid selectivity of 84.5% at 270°C, and is therefore more energy-efficient compared with standard reforming. Techno-economic analysis of partial ethanol reforming demonstrates the potential profitability for operation at an industrial scale, presenting the opportunity to produce hydrogen and acetic acid with a substantially reduced carbon dioxide footprint.植物学ZoologyElephant seals as ecosystem sentinels for the northeast Pacific Ocean twilight zone象海豹是西南平静洋暮光带生态体系尖兵▲ 作者：ROXANNE S. BELTRAN, ALLISON R. PAYNE et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp2244▲择要：宽阔大陆的暮光带领有寰球年夜局部的鱼类生物量，但因为难以年夜范围丈量次表层生态体系进程，人们对这一地区的情形知之甚少。咱们证实了一种普遍散布的肉食性植物——南方象海豹——能够成为暮光带的生态体系尖兵。咱们将大陆盆地标准的寻食胜利与大陆学指数接洽起来，以预算从前五十年及将来暮光带鱼类的品貌。咱们发明，母体寻食胜利的小幅变更会缩小为后辈体重的较年夜变更，并形成第一年存活率跟弥补量的宏大差别。好转的大陆学前提可能会使捕食者种群轨迹从现在的增加改变为急剧降落。作为大陆的整合者，普遍散布的捕食者能够提醒将来工资变更对宽阔大陆生态体系的影响。▲ Abstract：The open ocean twilight zone holds most of the global fish biomass but is poorly understood owing to difficulties of measuring subsurface ecosystem processes at scale. We demonstrate that a wide-ranging carnivore—the northern elephant seal—can serve as an ecosystem sentinel for the twilight zone. We link ocean basin–scale foraging success with oceanographic indices to estimate twilight zone fish abundance five decades into the past, and into the future. We discovered that a small variation in maternal foraging success amplified into larger changes in offspring body mass and enormous variation in first-year survival and recruitment. Worsening oceanographic conditions could shift predator population trajectories from current growth to sharp declines. As ocean integrators, wide-ranging predators could reveal impacts of future anthropogenic change on open ocean ecosystems.地球迷信Earth ScienceDepth-dependent seismic sensing of groundwater recovery from the atmospheric-river storms of 2023对2023年年夜气层河道风暴后地下水规复的深度依附性地动传感▲ 作者：SHUJUAN MAO, WILLIAM L. ELLSWORTH et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr6139▲择要：2023年终，一系列激烈的年夜气层河道风暴缓解了加利福尼亚州的汗青性干旱，但是人们对地下水规复的时空范畴依然知之甚少。咱们应用地动情况场干预丈量法追踪了年夜洛杉矶地域二十年来地下水的变迁。所失掉的地动水文图提醒了地下水跟地表水干旱的显明表示：只管在2023年的旱季中，地表跟近地表水贮存多少乎完整规复，但自2006年以来散失的地下水仅有约25%失掉弥补。在十年标准上，咱们发明50米深度以下的含水层存在明显干涸，仅有无限的风暴相干规复。咱们的剖析夸大了应用高辨别率东西如地动传感来监测深层含水层，以更片面地评价总水亏缺的须要性。▲ Abstract：In early 2023, a series of intense atmospheric-river storms eased California’s historic drought, yet the spatiotemporal extent of groundwater recovery remains poorly understood. We tracked two-decadal changes in groundwater in Greater Los Angeles using seismic ambient-field interferometry. The derived seismic hydrographs reveal distinct expressions of groundwater and surficial water droughts: Whereas surface and near-surface water storage nearly fully recovered in the epic wet season of 2023, only about 25% of the groundwater lost since 2006 was restored. On a decadal scale, we find substantial depletion in aquifers below 50-meter depth, with only limited storm-related recovery. Our analysis underscores the need to monitor deep aquifers for a more complete assessment of total water deficits, using high-resolution tools such as seismic sensing.Variability of flowing stream network length across the US美国活动溪流收集长度的变更▲ 作者：JEFF P. PRANCEVIC, HANSJ?RG SEYBOLD, AND JAMES W. KIRCHNER▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2860▲择要：排水收集中活动溪流的总长度会跟着地表变得潮湿或枯燥，响应变长或收缩。但是，直接丈量溪流收集变更的研讨仅限于多数小型排水流域。咱们应用丈量的流量散布跟基于地形的预算，评价了美国外乡14765个已丈量流域的溪流收集长度变更。这些预算反应了每个溪流收集对景不雅湿度变更的敏理性（收集的弹性）。咱们发明，美国溪流收集在年度高流量前提下的中位长度是年度低流量前提下的五倍。溪流收集在某些地域比其余地域更具静态性，这重要是因为各地域水文气象学的差别以及收集对水文气象逼迫的弹性反映差别所致。▲ Abstract：The aggregate length of flowing streams in a drainage network lengthens and shortens as landscapes become wetter and drier. However, direct measurements of stream network variability have been limited to a handful of small drainage basins. We estimated the variability of stream network length for 14,765 gauged basins across the contiguous United States using measured streamflow distributions and topography-based estimates of how sensitive each stream network is to changing landscape wetness (the network’s elasticity). We find that the median US stream network is five times longer during annual high-flow conditions than during annual low-flow conditions. Stream networks are more dynamic in some regions than in others, driven by regional differences in both hydroclimatology and the networks’ elasticity in response to hydroclimatic forcing.